UTP is unshielded, cost-effective for standard environments. FTP uses foil shielding for better anti-interference. SFTP provides double shielding (foil + braid) for strong protection in high EMI environments such as factories, power stations and industrial sites.

Cat6 supports 250MHz bandwidth for 1Gbps network. Cat6A supports 500MHz bandwidth and stable 10Gbps transmission with lower crosstalk. Cat6A is mainly used in data centers, high-speed offices and long-distance cabling.

No. Indoor cables lack waterproofing, UV resistance and aging resistance. For outdoor use, you must choose outdoor-rated cables with PE jacket, waterproof structure and UV resistance.

Armored cable adds a protective layer (steel tape/steel wire) to resist crushing, tension and rodents. It is used for direct burial, outdoor duct, harsh environment and long-term outdoor applications.

Bend-insensitive fiber (G657A) reduces signal loss when bent or squeezed. It is widely used in FTTH, narrow ducts, indoor wiring and corners to ensure stable transmission.

Small projects (home, small office): 2–12 cores. Medium projects (building, community): 24–48 cores. Large projects (campus, data center, outdoor backbone): 72–288 cores. Reserve extra cores for future expansion.

Common causes: substandard copper conductor, wrong cable category, insufficient shielding, severe bending, over-distance installation, poor termination, or no grounding for shielded cables.

PVC is economical for general indoor use. LSZH is low-smoke, zero halogen, flame-retardant and non-toxic. LSZH is required in subways, tunnels, shopping malls, hotels and crowded buildings for safety.

For standard LAN cable: ≥8× outer diameter. For fiber optic cable: static ≥10× diameter, dynamic ≥20× diameter. Excessive bending causes permanent signal loss.

Use certified cable, standard termination, correct crimping, reliable grounding for shielded cables, avoid strong power interference, use professional testing tools for acceptance, and keep cables away from heat and moisture.